Why a mood stabiliser is a clinical task and not a drug class: lithium, the anticonvulsants, the antipsychotics, and how the choice is actually made.

Mechanism, drug classes and the newer paradigm: the delay paradox, autoreceptors, BDNF and plasticity, ketamine, and how agents are really chosen.

Dependence versus addiction, the nosology of ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR, the dopamine myth, incentive sensitization, and why route of administration matters.

From Kraepelin to ICD-11, the symptom dimensions, and the negative and cognitive symptoms that drive outcome but get almost no attention.

Psychosis as a syndrome rather than a diagnosis: experience, network dysregulation, predictive processing, organic causes and clinical practice.

What OCD is and isn't, why DSM-5 and ICD-11 pulled it out of the anxiety disorders, the CSTC loop that won't release, and where treatment actually pays off.

Attention regulation rather than attention deficit: catecholamines, fronto-striatal loops, the lifespan course, the diagnostic wave and treatment.

Panic as a whole-organism stress response: threat circuitry, neurochemistry, cardiovascular and respiratory physiology, and how panic differs from anxiety.

What neurotransmitters actually are, what they do, and why the chemical-imbalance picture of the brain is mostly outdated.

Study questions on membrane potentials, passive conductance, ion channels, and action potentials.